Since the introduction of Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) into the UK in February 2014 there have been four reported cases to date (Standard Bank, XYZ, Rolls-Royce and Tesco).
DPAs are appealing to both corporates and the Serious Fraud Office (SFO). They allow corporations to escape criminal prosecution by paying a fine and improving compliance. This avoids lengthy, expensive and often complicated trials, spares the corporation concerned and can assist with the SFO’s publicly reported resourcing issues.
The Tesco DPA
In March 2017 we saw one of the largest fines being imposed in the UK under the DPA system. This was imposed against Tesco Plc who agreed to pay a fine of approximately £129m in order to suspend the prosecution of allegations relating to false accounting by its subsidiary, Tesco Stores Limited.
At the same time the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) announced that Tesco plc and Tesco Stores Limited, having agreed that they committed market abuse in relation to a trading update published on 29 August 2014 which gave a false or misleading impression about the value of publicly traded Tesco shares and bonds, had also agreed to a redress scheme to compensate its investors (to the tune of £85m).
Three former Tesco executives were then accused of wrongdoing over the alleged £250m accounting scandal and were criminally prosecuted.
As a result of the criminal proceedings, the exact terms of the DPA, including the agreed Statement of Facts, was not made public so as not to prejudice those prosecutions.
The acquittals
The last of the three former executives (the UK finance director) was cleared of wrongdoing by a criminal court on 23 January 2019; the other two (the UK managing director and UK food commercial director) being cleared of charges in December 2018. In both cases, the executives were acquitted based on the prosecution’s “weak” evidence and it being established that there were no cases to answer.
The Statement of Facts
Following the collapse of the criminal trial, on the very same day that the final executive was acquitted, the terms of DPA agreed between Tesco and the SFO was published for the first time.
Unlike the other three DPAs signed in the UK to date, the Tesco DPA is the first to publicly name individuals (which is not a requirement).
The Statement of Facts clearly ascribes wrongdoing to the former executives. It says that the three former executives were “aware of and dishonestly perpetuated the misstatement [of figures]” leading up to market disclosures in August and September 2014, “thereby falsifying or concurring in the falsification of accounts or records made for an accounting purpose”. It also stated that one of the individuals “signed off false numbers in Tesco’s accounting system” and that they all failed to alert others to the issue and “instead concealed the true position“.
Who has really benefited from the Tesco DPA?
It is difficult in the current circumstances to see who the real winner is, if anyone is.
Although the former executives applied to Lord Justice Leveson, (the judge who approved the DPA in April 2017), to redact their details in the light of the acquittals, this was not successful.
Under the legislation, the judge held he had no jurisdiction to do this but noted that the DPA “related only to the potential criminal liability of Tesco Stores Ltd and did not address whether liability of any sort attached to Tesco Plc or any employee, agent.”
However, this analysis does not assist the former executives who, having been cleared via the criminal court process, have now been labelled as dishonest persons in a private document, which has been released to the public. This is clearly a prejudicial and distressing outcome for those concerned.
Also, with some pretty scratching comments being levelled at the SFO over its apparent lack of evidence, its credibility maybe impacted.
The inconsistent court rulings also raise serious questions for Tesco as to whether it concluded its own investigations, and the DPA, too quickly (paying a hefty fine) in circumstances where no individual has been convicted.
Conclusion
There is no doubt that this decision raises important concerns about the DPA process. Is it adequate for a DPA to be agreed by a Court before a thorough examination of all the evidence has taken place? Is it right that there are no powers to prevent a subsequent publication? It will be interesting to see if DPAs now undergo urgent reform.
While the SFO’s targets in this instance were all executive directors, the Tesco accounting scandal was not without non-executive casualties as, following its discovery, there was a shake-up of the relevant boards and a number of non-executive directors, including the chair of the audit committee, stood down.
More recent high profile corporate insolvencies where accounting issues and practices appear to have played a part in their demise have led to increased scrutiny and criticism of the UK audit industry and its current regulator, the FRC. By extension, the interaction of companies with their auditors (and the role of audit committees and their members) could well be the focus of increased attention from stakeholders.
By Karen Boto, Mark Sutton & Laura Cooke
Clyde & Co LLP
Clyde & Co is a leading, sector-focused global law firm with 415 partners, 2200 legal professionals and 3800 staff in 52 offices and associated offices on six continents. The firm specialises in the sectors that move, build and power our connected world and the insurance that underpins it, namely: transport, infrastructure, energy, trade & commodities and insurance. The authors of this article are members of Clyde & Co’s Professional and Financial Disputes Group.
Mark Sutton, Partner, London [email protected]
Laura Cooke, Partner, London [email protected]
Karen Boto, Legal Director, London [email protected]
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